Types of Bacteria
Find out more about how we categorise types of bacteria below, and please – make a donation towards our work today. We educate the public, support patients and fund research into antibiotic resistance, a global health catastrophe that puts millions at risk of death each year.
Biology of bacteria
Bacteria are very small (usually single-cell) organisms. They are one of the first life forms to exist on Earth and have been around for approximately three billion years. Various sources suggest there may be as many as one trillion species – although the vast majority of these have not yet been discovered. Most individual bacterial cells – an individual ‘bacterium’ – are too small to be seen with the human eye. Although, the colonies they form are visible.
Bacteria are prokaryotic, which means that they exist as single cells, although they form groups known as colonies. They do not have a nucleus. This means that their genetic material is ‘loose’ within each cell. Each cell is generally contained within a cell membrane, which itself is contained within a protective cell wall. Some types also have a third outer layer called a capsule.
Bacteria can be separated into categories based on various different features. The first way, which is particularly relevant in medicine, is related to the outer covering of the cell. It involves a simple staining procedure.
Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria
Bacteria are either classified as Gram-positive or Gram-negative. Their classification is based on the outcome of a test called the ‘Gram stain’. This test is named after the inventor Danish scientist Hans Christian Gram (1853–1938). The cells are stained with a purple dye (‘crystal violet’), which only binds to a substance called peptidoglycan. The cells are then rinsed, and stained with a red dye (safranin). If the cells take on the purple colour, they are considered to be ‘Gram positive’, and have a high proportion of peptidoglycan in their cell wall. If the cells take on the red colour, they are ‘Gram negative’.
What does it mean if bacteria are Gram positive?
The substance that retains the purple colour in Gram-positive bacteria is not usually found in the human body. That means they are more easily recognised and targeted by the immune system.
Gram-positive bacteria are also more susceptible to beta-lactam antibiotics like penicillin, as well as the action of detergents, drying and physical disruption.
This does not mean that Gram-positive bacteria are not harmful. The examples below all pose a risk to human health. Gram-positive bacteria can still acquire antibiotic resistance (for example, the superbug MRSA is a staphylococcus species).
Gram positive examples
What does it mean if bacteria are Gram negative?
Gram-negative bacteria do not tend to take up the purple Gram stain as they have little peptidoglycan in their cell wall. Bacterial cells often have labels on their cell wall, called ‘antigens’, which allow the human body to recognise them. If the cell has a capsule or slime covering, as Gram-negative bacteria do, these antigens are hidden from the immune system. So, the immune system cannot target the infective bacteria.
In addition to this, a substance called lipopolysaccharide that is found in the outer cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria causes inflammation. This can be severe enough to trigger sepsis. This cell wall also stops antibiotics penetrating the bacteria, making Gram-negative infections more difficult to treat than Gram-positive infections
Gram negative examples
Please help support crucial research into new antibiotic therapies and education programs to help ensure a safer future for you and your loved ones.
Different shapes of bacteria
There are three primary shapes: spheres, rods and spirals. In some cases, you can tell the shape of the bacteria from the name: round often have ‘coccus’ in the name, rods ‘bacillus’, and spirals ‘spirillum’. The way that round bacteria join together as a colony can also be used to categorise them.
Other ways
There are plenty of other ways to categorise bacteria, based on how genetically similar they are, the environment they exist in and more.
Reproduction
Bacterial reproduction is complicated, but two key features that affect healthcare are:
- Most bacteria can reproduce very rapidly. One ‘parent’ cell can divide to create two identical ‘daughter’ cells in just 20 minutes in some cases.
- Bacterial reproduction only requires one cell, which splits into two, which both then split again to make four and so forth. It is possible for individual cells to transfer genes to other cells in the colony. They can transfer a gene for antibiotic resistance, or to transfer genes even into another species.
Treatment
The type of bacteria causing an infection will usually influence the type of treatment given. Find out more about antibiotics, and about multidrug-resistant ‘superbugs’, which are very difficult to treat.